A New Species of Tapir Came Out and You Still Havent Uploaded

Herbivorous mammal native to South and Central America, and Southeast Asia

Tapir Temporal range: 33–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O Southward D C P T J One thousand Pg N Oligocene–Holocene
Due south American tapir
Scientific nomenclature
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Lodge:	Perissodactyla
Superfamily:	Tapiroidea
Family:	Tapiridae Brünnich, 1772
Genera
Tapirus †Eotapirus †Miotapirus †Nexuotapirus †Paratapirus †Plesiotapirus †Protapirus †Tapiravus

A tapir ( TAY-pər)^[1] is a big, herbivorous mammal, like in shape to a pig, with a short, prehensile nose trunk. Tapirs inhabit jungle and forest regions of Due south and Central America, with one species inhabiting Southeast Asia.

Species [edit]

There are four widely recognized extant species of tapir, all in the genus Tapirus of the family Tapiridae. They are the Southward American tapir, the Malayan tapir, Baird's tapir, and the mount tapir. In 2013, a group of researchers said they had identified a 5th species of tapir, the kabomani tapir. However, the existence of the kabomani tapir as a singled-out species has been widely disputed, and recent genetic evidence further suggests that information technology actually is role of the species South American tapir. ^{[2] [three]}

Extant species

Genus	Image	Scientific name	Common proper noun	Distribution
Tapirus Brünnich, 1772		Tapirus bairdii (Gill, 1865)	Baird'south tapir (too called the Fundamental American tapir)	Mexico, Central America and northwestern South America
		Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758)	Due south American tapir (also called the Brazilian tapir or lowland tapir)	Venezuela, Republic of colombia, and the Guianas in the northward to Brazil, Argentine republic, and Paraguay in the due south, to Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador in the W.
		Tapirus pinchaque (Roulin, 1829)	Mount tapir (as well called the woolly tapir)	Eastern and Central Cordilleras mountains in Republic of colombia, Republic of ecuador, and the far north of Peru.
		Tapirus indicus Desmarest, 1819	Malayan tapir (as well called the Asian tapir, Oriental tapir or Indian tapir)	Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand

The 4 species are all classified on the IUCN Red List every bit Endangered or Vulnerable. The tapirs have a number of extinct relatives in the superfamily Tapiroidea. The closest extant relatives of the tapirs are the other odd-toed ungulates, which include horses, donkeys, zebras and rhinoceroses.

General appearance [edit]

Size varies between types, but about tapirs are near ii thousand (vi+ one⁄2  ft) long, stand about 1 yard (three ft) loftier at the shoulder, and weigh betwixt 150 and 300 kg (330 and 700 lb). Their coats are short and range in colour from ruby-red brown, to grey, to nearly blackness, with the notable exceptions of the Malayan tapir, which has a white, saddle-shaped marking on its back, and the mountain tapir, which has longer, woolly fur. All tapirs have oval, white-tipped ears, rounded, protruding rumps with stubby tails, and splayed, hooved toes, with four toes on the front feet and iii on the hind feet, which help them to walk on muddy and soft ground. Infant tapirs of all types have striped-and-spotted coats for camouflage. Females have a single pair of mammary glands,^[4] and males take long penises relative to their body size.^{[five] [6] [vii] [eight] [9]}

Physical characteristics [edit]

Tapir showing the flehmen response

The proboscis of the tapir is a highly flexible organ, able to motility in all directions, assuasive the animals to catch foliage that would otherwise be out of accomplish. Tapirs often exhibit the flehmen response, a posture in which they raise their snouts and evidence their teeth to detect scents. This response is frequently exhibited by bulls sniffing for signs of other males or females in oestrus in the area. The length of the proboscis varies amid species; Malayan tapirs have the longest snouts and Brazilian tapirs have the shortest.^[10] The evolution of tapir probosces, made upwardly almost entirely of soft tissues rather than bony internal structures, gives the Tapiridae skull a unique course in comparison to other perissodactyls, with a larger sagittal crest, orbits positioned more rostrally, a posteriorly telescoped cranium, and a more elongated and retracted nasoincisive incisure.^{[10] [xi]}

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Tapirs have brachyodont, or low-crowned teeth, that lack cementum. Their dental formula is:

Dentition
three.1.4.3
three.1.three–iv.3

Totaling 42 to 44 teeth, this dentition is closer to that of equids, which may differ past one less canine, than their other perissodactyl relatives, rhinoceroses.^{[12] [thirteen]} Their incisors are chisel-shaped, with the third large, conical upper incisor separated past a short gap from the considerably smaller canine. A much longer gap is found betwixt the canines and premolars, the first of which may be absent-minded.^[14] Tapirs are lophodonts, and their cheek teeth take distinct lophs (ridges) between protocones, paracones, metacones and hypocones.^{[fifteen] [16]}

Tapirs have brownish eyes, often with a bluish cast to them, which has been identified as corneal cloudiness, a status most commonly found in Malayan tapirs. The verbal etiology is unknown, but the cloudiness may be caused past excessive exposure to light or past trauma.^{[17] [18]} Yet, the tapir's sensitive ears and strong sense of smell aid to compensate for deficiencies in vision.

Tapirs have simple stomachs and are hindgut fermenters that ferment digested nutrient in a large cecum.^[19]

Lifecycle [edit]

Immature tapirs attain sexual maturity between three and 5 years of historic period, with females maturing before than males.^[20] Under adept atmospheric condition, a healthy female tapir can reproduce every ii years; a unmarried immature, called a calf, is born after a gestation of well-nigh 13 months.^[21] The natural lifespan of a tapir is nigh 25 to xxx years, both in the wild and in zoos.^[22] Autonomously from mothers and their immature offspring, tapirs pb nigh exclusively lonely lives.

Behaviour [edit]

Although they oftentimes live in dryland forests, tapirs with access to rivers spend a skilful bargain of time in and under water, feeding on soft vegetation, taking refuge from predators, and cooling off during hot periods. Tapirs well-nigh a water source will swim, sink to the bottom, and walk along the riverbed to feed, and take been known to submerge themselves to permit small fish to option parasites off their beefy bodies.^[22] Along with freshwater lounging, tapirs often wallow in mud pits, which likewise help to proceed them cool and costless of insects.

In the wild, the tapir's diet consists of fruit, berries, and leaves, particularly immature, tender vegetation. Tapirs will spend many of their waking hours foraging along well-worn trails, snouts to the footing in search of nutrient. Baird'southward tapirs have been observed to eat around 40 kg (85 lb) of vegetation in ane day.^[23]

Tapirs are largely nocturnal and crepuscular, although the smaller mountain tapir of the Andes is by and large more active during the day than its congeners. They have monocular vision.

Copulation may occur in or out of h2o. In captivity, mating pairs will often copulate several times during oestrus.^{[24] [25]} Intromission lasts between 10 and 20 minutes.^[26]

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  The undersides of the front feet (left, with four toes) and back anxiety (right, with three toes) of a Malayan tapir at rest

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  Adult Malayan tapir exhibiting the flehmen response

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  Molar from the extinct Tapirus veroensis, 12.v cm (v in) wide, about 1 one thousand thousand years sometime, alluvial deposits, Florida, Usa

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  A baby South American tapir, with spots and stripes characteristic of all juvenile tapirs

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  An adult Malayan tapir sitting

Habitat, predation, and vulnerability [edit]

Adult tapirs are big enough to accept few natural predators, and the thick peel on the backs of their necks helps to protect them from threats such equally jaguars, crocodiles, anacondas, and tigers. The creatures are likewise able to run fairly quickly, considering their size and cumbersome appearance, finding shelter in the thick undergrowth of the forest or in h2o. Hunting for meat and hides has substantially reduced their numbers and, more recently, habitat loss has resulted in the conservation watch-listing of all four species; the Brazilian tapir is classified as vulnerable, and Baird's tapir, the mountain tapir, and the Malayan tapir are endangered. According to 2022 report published in the Neotropical Biology and Conservation, the lowland tapir in the Atlantic Forest is at risk of complete extinction equally a result of anthropogenic pressures, in item hunting, deforestation and population isolation.^{[27] [28] [29]}

Evolution and natural history [edit]

The beginning tapiroids, such equally Heptodon, appeared in the early Eocene of North America.^[xxx] They appeared very similar to modern forms, merely were nigh one-half the size, and lacked the proboscis. The first true tapirs appeared in the Oligocene. By the Miocene, such genera as Miotapirus were almost indistinguishable from the extant species. Asian and American tapirs were believed to have diverged effectually twenty to thirty million years agone; tapirs later migrated from North America to South America around 3 million years ago, as part of the Bully American Interchange.^[31] For much of their history, tapirs were spread beyond the Northern Hemisphere, where they became extinct every bit recently as ten,000 years ago.^[32] T. merriami, T. veroensis, T. copei, and T. californicus became extinct during the Pleistocene in N America. The behemothic tapir survived until about 4,000 years ago in China.

Estimate divergence times based on a 2013 analysis of mtDNA sequences are 0.5 Ma for T. kabomani and the T. terrestris–T. pinchaque clade, 5 Ma for T. bairdii and the 3 Southward American tapirs, and 9 Ma for the branching of T. indicus.^[33] T. pinchaque arises from within a paraphyletic complex of T. terrestris populations.^[33]

Tapirus	T. indicus (Malayan tapir) T. terrestris (South American tapir, Republic of ecuador cluster) T. pinchaque (mountain tapir) T. terrestris (South American tapir, other clusters)

The tapir may have evolved from the paleothere Hyracotherium (once thought to exist a primitive horse).^[34]

Genetics [edit]

The species of tapir accept the following chromosomal numbers:

Malayan tapir, T. indicus	2n = 52
Mountain tapir, T. pinchaque	2n = 76
Baird'due south tapir, T. bairdii	2n = 80
South American tapir, T. terrestris	2n = eighty

The Malayan tapir, the species most isolated geographically and genetically, has a significantly smaller number of chromosomes and has been establish to share fewer homologies with the three types of American tapirs. A number of conserved autosomes (13 between karyotypes of Baird'southward tapir and the South American tapir, and 15 between Baird's and the mount tapir) have also been plant in the American species that are not found in the Asian animal. Still, geographic proximity is not an absolute predictor of genetic similarity; for instance, Yard-banded preparations have revealed Malayan, Baird's and Southward American tapirs take identical 10 chromosomes, while mountain tapirs are separated by a heterochromatic improver/deletion.^[35]

Lack of genetic diversity in tapir populations has become a major source of concern for conservationists. Habitat loss has isolated already small populations of wild tapirs, putting each grouping in greater danger of dying out completely. Even in zoos, genetic variety is limited; all captive mountain tapirs, for example, are descended from only two founder individuals.^[36]

Hybrids of Baird'south and the South American tapirs were bred at the San Francisco Zoo around 1969 and later produced a backcross 2d generation.^[37]

Conservation [edit]

A number of conservation projects have been started around the world. The Tapir Specialist Group, a unit of measurement of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, strives to conserve biological diversity by stimulating, developing, and conducting practical programs to study, salvage, restore, and manage the four species of tapir and their remaining habitats in Central and Southward America and Southeast Asia.^[38]

The Baird's Tapir Project of Costa rica, begun in 1994, is the longest ongoing tapir project in the world. It involves placing radio collars on tapirs in Republic of costa rica's Corcovado National Park to study their social systems and habitat preferences.^[39]

The Lowland Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative is a conservation and enquiry arrangement founded by Patrícia Medici, focused on tapir conservation in Brazil.

Attacks on humans [edit]

Tapirs are generally shy, but when scared they can defend themselves with their very powerful jaws. In 1998, a zookeeper in Oklahoma Urban center was mauled and had an arm severed afterward opening the door to a female tapir's enclosure to push nutrient inside (the tapir's two-month-one-time baby also occupied the muzzle at the time).^[xl] In 2006, Carlos Manuel Rodriguez Echandi (who was then the Costa Rican Environmental Government minister) became lost in the Corcovado National Park and was constitute by a search party with a "nasty bite" from a wild tapir.^[41] In 2013, a two-year-old daughter suffered breadbasket and arm injuries later existence mauled by a South American tapir in Dublin Zoo during a supervised experience in the tapir enclosure. Dublin Zoo pleaded guilty to breaching health and safety regulations and was ordered to pay €five,000 to charity.^[42] However, such examples are rare; for the most part, tapirs are likely to avoid confrontation in favour of running from predators, hiding, or, if possible, submerging themselves in nearby water until a threat is gone.^[43]

Frank Buck wrote most an attack by a tapir in 1926, which he described in his volume, Bring 'Em Back Alive.^[44]

References [edit]

1. ^ "Definition of tapir". Merriam Webster. Retrieved April 26, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
2. ^ Ruiz-García, Manuel; Castellanos, Armando; Bernal, Luz Agueda; Pinedo-Castro, Myreya; Kaston, Franz; Shostell, Joseph M. (2016-03-01). "Mitogenomics of the mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque, Tapiridae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in Republic of colombia and Ecuador: Phylogeography and insights into the origin and systematics of the Southward American tapirs". Mammalian Biology. 81 (two): 163–175. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2015.11.001. ISSN 1616-5047.
3. ^ "All Nigh the Terrific Tapir | Tapir Specialist Group". Tapir Specialist Grouping . Retrieved 2018-12-01 .
4. ^ Gorog, A. (2001). Tapirus terrestris, Animal Diversity Spider web. Retrieved June 19, 2006.
5. ^ Hickey, R.Southward. Georgina (1997). "Tapir Penis". Nature Australia. 25 (8): ten–xi.
6. ^ Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World. Marshall Cavendish. 2001. pp. 1460–. ISBN978-0-7614-7194-3.
7. ^ Prasad, M. R. N. (1974). Männliche Geschlechtsorgane. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 119–. ISBN978-iii-eleven-004974-ix.
8. ^ Gade, Daniel Westward. (1999). Nature & Civilization in the Andes. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 125–. ISBN978-0-299-16124-viii.
9. ^ Quilter, Jeffrey (2004). Cobble Circles and Standing Stones: Archeology at the Rivas Site, Costa Rica. University of Iowa Printing. pp. 181–. ISBN978-ane-58729-484-6.
10. ^ ^{a b} Witmer, Lawrence; Sampson, Scott D.; Solounias, Nikos (1999). "The proboscis of tapirs (Mammalia: Perissodactyla): a case written report in novel narial anatomy" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 249 (3): 251. doi:x.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00763.10.
11. ^ Colbert, Matthew (2002) Tapirus terrestris. Digital Morphology. Retrieved June 20, 2006.
12. ^ Ballenger, 50. and P. Myers. 2001. "Tapiridae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved June xx, 2006.
13. ^ Huffman, Brent. Club Perissodactyla at Ultimate Ungulate
14. ^ "Lydekker, Richard (1911). "Perissodactyla". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Printing. pp. 169–171.
15. ^ Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, K. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Multifariousness of Cheek Teeth. The Animal Diverseness Web (online). Retrieved June 20, 2006.
16. ^ Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Basic Structure of Cheek Teeth. The Animal Variety Web (online). Retrieved June 20, 2006.
17. ^ Tapirs Described, the Tapir Gallery
18. ^ Janssen, Donald L., DVM, Dipl ACZM, Bruce A. Rideout, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Marking E. Edwards, PhD. "Medical Management of Captive Tapirs (Tapirus sp.)." 1996 American Clan of Zoo Veterinarians Proceedings. Nov 1996. Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Pp. 1–11
19. ^ Eisenberg, J.F.; et al. (1990). "Tapirs". In Parker, Due south.P. (ed.). Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals, Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing. pp. 598–620. ISBN978-0-07-909508-4.
20. ^ "Woodland Park Zoo Animal Fact Canvas: Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus)". Zoo.org. Retrieved 2009-xi-02 .
21. ^ Tapir | San Diego Zoo Animals.
22. ^ ^{a b} Morris, Dale (March 2005). "Face up to face up with big nose." Archived 2006-05-06 at the Wayback Auto BBC Wildlife. pp. 36–37.
23. ^ TPF News, Tapir Preservation Fund, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 2001. Run across department on report by Charles Foerster.
24. ^ "Minimum Husbandry Standards: Tapiridae (tapirs)". Retrieved 2009-11-02 .
25. ^ Animal Diversity Web fact canvass on Tapirus terrestris
26. ^ Bong, Catharine E. (2001). Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1205–. ISBN978-1-57958-174-ix.
27. ^ O'Connell-Domenech, Alejandra (January 17, 2022). "Atlantic Wood tapir at risk of complete extinction, scientists say". The Colina . Retrieved Jan 24, 2022.
28. ^ Cockburn, Harry (Jan 17, 2022). "Lowland tapirs at increasing risk of extinction, scientists warn". The Independent . Retrieved January 25, 2022.
29. ^ Flesher, Kevin M.; Medici, Emília Patrícia (2022). "The distribution and conservation status of Tapirus terrestris in the South American Atlantic Forest". Neotropical Biology and Conservation. 17 (ane): i–19. doi:10.3897/neotropical.17.e71867. S2CID 245870543.
30. ^ Ballenger, L.; Myers, P. (2001). "Family Tapiridae". Fauna Multifariousness Web. Archived from the original on 2013-04-xiii. Retrieved 2014-05-eleven .
31. ^ Ashley, One thousand.V.; Norman, J.E.; Stross, L. (1996). "Phylogenetic analysis of the perissodactyl family tapiridae using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COII) sequences". Mammal Evolution. three (four): 315–326. doi:x.1007/BF02077448. S2CID 24948320.
32. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 261. ISBN978-ane-84028-152-1.
33. ^ ^{a b} Cozzuol, Thousand. A.; Clozato, C. L.; Holanda, E. C.; Rodrigues, F. Five. H. G.; Nienow, S.; De Thoisy, B.; Redondo, R. A. F.; Santos, F. C. R. (2013). "A new species of tapir from the Amazon". Journal of Mammalogy. 94 (vi): 1331–1345. doi:10.1644/12-MAMM-A-169.one.
34. ^ "Florida Museum of Natural History Fact Page". Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2009-xi-02 .
35. ^ Houck, M.Fifty.; Kingswood, S.C.; Kumamoto, A.T. (2000). "Comparative cytogenetics of tapirs, genus Tapirus (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae)". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 89 (1–2): 110–115. doi:x.1159/000015587. PMID 10894950. S2CID 21583683.
36. ^ Mountain Tapir Conservation at the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo Archived June xv, 2006, at the Wayback Automobile
37. ^ Pictures of T. bairdii ten T. terrestris cross taken by Sheryl Todd, The Tapir Gallery, spider web site of the Tapir Preservation Fund
38. ^ "Almost the Tapir Specialist Grouping". Tapirs.org. Retrieved 2009-11-02 .
39. ^ "Baird's Tapir Projection of Costa Rica". Savetapirs.org. 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2009-11-02 .
40. ^ "Adult female's arm bitten off in zoo assail", Associated Printing study by Jay Hughes, twenty Nov 1998
41. ^ "Interview with Carlos Manuel Rodriguez Echandi", IUCN Tapir Specialist Grouping 2006
42. ^ "Dublin Zoo pleads guilty to safety alienation in tapir attack on kid", The Irish Times written report Tom Tuite, fourteen October 2014
43. ^ Goudot, Justin (1843). "Nouvelles observations sur le Tapir Pinchaque" [Contempo Observations on the Tapir Pinchaque]. Comptes Rendus. sixteen: 331–334. Report contains accounts of wild mountain tapirs shying away from human contact at table salt deposits after being hunted, and hiding.
44. ^ Cadet, Frank (2006). Bring 'em Back Alive: The Best of Frank Buck. Texas Tech University Press. pp. 3–. ISBN978-0-89672-582-9.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Tapiridae.

• IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group
• The Tapir Gallery at The Tapir Preservation Fund website
• Earth Tapir Day website
• Baird's Tapir Project of Costa Rica

gregoryhemple.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapir

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